End-stage liver disease (cirrhosis)
This can result from chronic conditions such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease,
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), autoimmune hepatitis, or primary biliary cholangitis
(PBC).
Acute liver failure
Rapid loss of liver function due to viral hepatitis (e.g., hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis E),
drug-induced liver injury, autoimmune hepatitis, or other causes.
Liver cancer
(hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma)
Liver transplantation may be considered for select patients with early-stage liver cancer who meet
specific criteria.
Metabolic liver diseases
Inherited metabolic disorders such as Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin
deficiency, glycogen storage diseases, and certain urea cycle disorders may necessitate liver
transplantation.
Biliary atresia
A congenital condition where the bile ducts are absent or blocked, leading to bile accumulation,
liver damage, and eventual cirrhosis. Liver transplantation is often performed in infants with
biliary atresia who do not respond to other treatments.
Primary sclerosing
cholangitis (PSC)
A chronic liver disease characterized by inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts, which can lead
to cirrhosis and liver failure.
Acute liver rejection
Severe rejection of a previously transplanted liver, which may occur due to immunological factors.
Chronic hepatic venous outflow obstruction
Conditions such as Budd-Chiari syndrome, characterized by blockage of the hepatic veins, leading to
liver congestion, cirrhosis, and eventual liver failure.
Intestinal (small bowel) transplantation
Indicated for patients with intestinal failure, which can result from conditions such as short bowel
syndrome due to surgical resection, congenital defects, or diseases like Crohn's disease or
necrotizing enterocolitis.
Pancreas transplantation
Indicated for individuals with type 1 diabetes who have severe complications such as frequent
hypoglycemic unawareness, recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis, or end-stage renal disease requiring
kidney transplantation. It may also be considered for some cases of type 2 diabetes with significant
insulin resistance and complications that cannot be managed effectively with conventional therapies.